An 1830 Vietnamese Voyage to Calcutta
In 1830, Emperor Minh Mạng of the Nguyễn dynasty sent two ships on a voyage to Bengal. The purpose of the voyage was not to engage in trade, but instead,…
Chen Ching-ho’s “On the ‘Official Missions to Hạ châu’ (下洲公務) in the Early Nguyễn Period”
In 1990, Taiwanese historian Chen Ching-ho (Chen Jinghe 陳荊和) published an article in Japanese entitled “On the ‘Hạ-châu Missions’ (下洲公務) conducted during the early Period of the Nguyen Dynasty.”This was…